How to make Robot

Software tools required to work with 8051 family of Micro controller - Keil & Flash magic (e.g. P89V51RD2 from Philips) for making line / path follower robot

Software Details:

The program code acts as the decision-maker embedded in the microcontroller i.e. it decides what will be the outputs for particular set of input combination. Programs for the P89V51RD2 series of microcontrollers can be written in assembly (ASM) and C. Keil, Flash magic etc. are some free development software’s for programming the P89V51RD2 Microcontrollers. We are using KEIL for programming. In KEIL we write our C code, after compilation it generates ‘.hex’ file that is hardware level code.

What is Motor Driver IC and how to use it in Line / Path follower robot - IC L293D

Driver IC - L293D:

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input

What is a comparator and how to use it in IR sensor for a Line or Path follower Robot - IC LM358 & LM324

Comparator

Comparator is a device which compares two input voltages and gives output high/low. In circuit diagram it is normally represented by a triangle having- Inverting (negative) Input (-),Non Inverting (positive) Input(+), Vcc, Ground, Output.

What is an Infra Red (IR) Sensor and how it is used to distinguish between white & black color line in Line / Path follower robot

Infra Red Sensor

IR reflective sensors have one emitter (IR LED) and one receiver (Phototransistor or photo diode. If we have white surface it reflects the light and it will sensed by the receiver, similarly if we have black surface it absorbs the light and receiver can not sense light.

Photo diode has property that if IR light fall on it its electrical resistance comes down (i.e. it comes down from 150kΩ to 10kΩ if no noise present).

What is a Caster wheel and how to use it in your Line Follower Robot

What is Caster Wheel:

A Caster wheel is an undriven, single wheel that is designed to be mounted to the bottom of a larger object so as to enable that object to be easily moved. They are available in various sizes, and are commonly made of rubber, plastic, nylon, aluminum, or stainless steel, etc.

Basic principle & block diagram of a line line follower robot using 8051 micro controller

Basic Principle of a line line follower robot using 8051 micro controller:
The basic principle involved in this is it captures the line position with IR sensors mounted at front end of the robot. Below is the block diagram of the line follower robot, when the sensor sense the path, analog signal is given to the op-amp to produce 0s and 1s which are then fed to the microcontroller, then the microcontroller decides the next move according to the program. When both the sensors are indicating low (0) then robot start moving on the black path, for white if it indicates high (1) then it moves along the path. Microcontroller and driver circuit are used for the control of motors.